d) water from precipitation and snowmelt a) mid-ocean ridges Groundwater moves very slowly through relatively impermeable materials such as clay and shale. c) nuclear energy from the heated uranium-rich rocks c) width of the beach c) commercial lodging for typical hardwoods, such as mahogany 4. land subsidence c) hardness Why is it important to know about porosity and permeability? If one has two wells close together on tight rock, the areas of influence between the wells can overlap, reducing yields in both wells. d) deep trenches, A divergent plate boundary is most likely associated with a(n): c) the surface area increase as the rock is fractured d) tides increase and decrease the size of waves but leave sea level unchanged For a rock to be permeable and for water to move through it, the pore spaces between the grains in the rock must be connected. Figure 14 illustrates how porosity varies with the degree of sorting and with the grain shape in unconsolidated sediments (sediments that have not been compacted or cemented). In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: controls the amount of water that can be stored, determines the composition of the cement between grains and clasts, does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts, is constant from one type of material to another. e) all of the above, Tornado Alley is a region in the U.S. comprising: It is stored in and moves slowly through geologic formations of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers. b) the decay of creatures that float on the ocean surface and settle to the bottom a) a line that connects the peaks and valleys of an area 3. saline intrusion The morphology and porosity of prepared composite material were observed by SEM analysis. Groundwater . b) variations in thickness of slope which of the following best following best explains what a contour line is? the volume of open spaces in rock or soil. e) two glaciers that cross. Porosity is a description of how much space there could be to hold water under the ground, and permeability describes how those pores are shaped and interconnected. The best aquifers for tapping groundwater have both . from confined aquifer Porosity is a description of how much space there could be to hold water under the ground, and permeability describes how those pores are shaped and interconnected. The volume of void space is 2 ml (2 cm3). The top level of this saturated zone is called ground water table. a) 1 mill a) mineral deposits relate to granites c) limestone If groundwater flows naturally out of rock materials or if it can be removed by pumping (in useful amounts), the rock materials are called aquifers. b) a change in grain size d) all of the above, El nino is a condition that brings increased precipitation to the eastern Pacific Ocean basin when: c) the # of electrons in the outer shell a) because the temp of the oceans decreases from cold glacial streams The stream in this scenario is the location with the lowest hydraulic potential, so the groundwater that flows to the lower parts of the aquifer has to flow upward to reach this location. d) seawater is drawn into a mid ocean ridge, which of the following igneous rocks would be formed by the fastest cooling? a) mountain ranges intercept wind and water affecting rainfall amounts It's more like water in a sponge. The amount of water a material can hold is directly related to the porosity since water will try and fill the empty spaces in a material. c) a line that connects all the high points on a topographic map e) slate, oil that reaches the surface can form: If there was no pore space in the 10 cm3 sample the final volume of water would be 110 ml. a) the tendency of the continents on a spinning globe to be thrown outward must drill deeper, Letter - Part 3 Type Styles and typeface desi, Chapt 2 Letters - part 2 Classification of Le. groundwater that is accessible as a water resource transmits water easily - material is porous and permeable Aquitard A material of low porosity and permeability that greatly slows the movement of ground water Aquiclude A body of rock that will not transmit water at all little or no porosity or permeability water table a) alluvial fan a) a spreading center to a transform fault d) thousands of isotopic ages measured by different methods a) well sorted fine grained sediment a) abrasion is concentrated on the upstream side of obstructions c) compacted clay Heavy metal contamination of ground water: The Surulere case study. a) an abrupt change is the composition of the sediment b) thermal expansion c)there are much fewer intervals of reversed polarity than normal polarity d) the amount of stress is greater in some directions than in others, d) the amount of stress is greater in some directions than in others, what causes the stress that forms joints d) dikes, coarsely crystalline igneous textures indicate that: e) all of the above are evidence left behind by glaciers, c) changes in the isotopic composition of marine shells, which of the following does not physically loosen rocks on the surface? b) sulfates b) a depth equal to three times the wavelength of waves e) change their mineralogy, a) smaller and rounder as they are transported, When a plate boundary changes its orientation, it can change from: d) is constant from one type of material to another, a) controls the amount of water that can be sorted, which of the following aquifers require a low permeability zone above it or below it? e) a wide range in the size of clasts, which of the following places would not be a good place to visit a reef? a) halides c) past events, such as landslides and earthquakes a) the magma has a low content of gas mimics in a subdued way the topography of the earth's surface. b) salt deposits that formed early in Earth's history become dissolved by modern oceans Porosity can be referred to or considered as the ability of the water to penetrate through the pores contained inside a rock, and the . tilting - tower of Pisa b) well sorted coarse grained sediment Porosity (how well rock material holds water) is also affected by the shape of rock particles. a) ordovician b) a gradual decrease in the strength of the current over time b) they can be buried and decay, leaving a cavity in the rock Khalil and Monterio Santos (2009) analyzed the groundwater saturation relation with aquifer resistivity and hydraulic conductivity from Kozeny-Carman (KC) and Archie's second law. d) all of the above, which of the following is true about how a lake can relate to the water table? e) none of the above, d) south America rifted apart from Africa, Which of the following is not a way in which we map and investigate the seafloor? b) working of clasts by waves on a beach b) brittle deformation c) topography e) none of the above, b) when strengthening of an ocean current results in warmer sea temp in the eastern pacific, Which of the following is not a reason why rain forests are disappearing? Types of Aquifers 3. by dissolution, such as uid temperature, pressure, pH value, porosity, permeability, and. b) drilling holes into the seafloor from ships e) none of these, which of the following situations would result in angular clasts? In a material that holds groundwater porosity A controls the amount of water. b) daily heating and cooling of the seas, which causes seawater to contract and expand From the choices given below and the actual meaning of the term, porosity can be referred to or considered as the ease with which water is able to flow from one pore to another in rock.Therefore, the option D holds true.. What is the significance of porosity? e) all of the above, a) abrasion is concentrated on the upstream side of obstructions, the size of clast that a river can carry is primarily controlled by: Interconnected void space allows groundwater to move into and out of porous material. This process permanently decreases the ability of the area to hold groundwater. b) reverse b) the fault suddenly uplifts or downdrops the seafloor e) a and b only, which environments is least likely to deposit sand The fractional volume of pores that are interconnected is referred to as effective porosity. d) a sharp contrast between two rock types Porosity and Permeability Lab Porosity and Permeability Lab The terms porosity and permeability are related. b) volcanic eruptions 33. c) rain forests a) 10 meters Groundwater moves from areas where the water table is low to areas where the water table is high. c) mid-ocean ridge b) past changes in climate water goes to reduce pressure. Test Prep. 36. c) biosphere b) precipitation refers to minerals coating sand grains with natural cement c) deposition and burial It is written as either a decimal fraction between 0 and 1 or as a percentage. a) shallow seas that are relatively free of suspended sediment d) the lava flow forms lava tubes, Hazards associated with basaltic lava flows and eruptions are: a) smaller and rounder as they are transported a) a weak current 3. a change in direction of groundwater flow when groundwater is extracted (overpumping) and the grains are compacted to fill the empty space Here is a sample run of the program: Which of the following statements is(are)* true*? In groundwater assessments, it is the interconnected pore volume occupied by flowing groundwater that is of most interest. Groundwater typically flows through limestones by way of cracks. In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: A. controls the amount of water that can be stored Which of the following aquifers require a low permeability zone above it or below it? d) a gradual change in the climate In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: a) controls the amount of water that can be sorted b) determines the compostion of the cement between grains and clasts c) does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts d) is constant from one type of material to another. b) the lava forms a ropy texture the amount of water vapor in the air relative to the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold: D. . d) compression that buckles the crust forming the ridge a) normal a) salt c) fluid pressure is greater than the confining pressure b) igneous This results in a soil moisture content in volume . Outflows consist of rivers, lakes, streams, springs and production wells. excess pumping a) sand dunes along a beach or in a desert Soil texture can also affect soil porosity There are three main soil textures: sand, silt, and clay. d) a and b only What is a main way surface waters become groundwater? e) all of the above are ways fossils can be preserved, e) all of the above are ways fossils can be preserved, To what does the term evolution refer? This information allows the laboratory sample to be recompacted to a similar consistency. d) all of the above c) ice and snow that are permanently in motion Lecture notes Dr. J.K Mwangi ECE 2402; Hydrology I 2 Occurrence of groundwater Figure 1: Classification of sub-surface water Saturated zone: Here water completely fills all the pore spaces between the soil grains forming a huge underground reservoir. The international standard letter/number mapping for telephones is: Write a function that returns a number, given an uppercase letter, as follows: Write a test program that prompts the user to enter a phone number as a string. The part that continues downward through the soil until it reaches rock material that is saturated is groundwater recharge. Field capacity is the soil water content after the soil has been saturated and allowed to drain freely for about 24 to 48 hours. c) Jurrasic e) rodents and other burrowing organisms, what happens to the surface area of exposed rock if a rock is fractured? For example, water falling on the Chilterns to the west of London will flow at a speed of 0.1 to 1 m s1 in a river, taking a few days to reach London. creates limitation on future water supply, reduce use of water by all sectors and encourage recycling of water, the unsaturated zone above the water table, the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest parts of an area e) lithosphere is thinner and hotter, rocks moving from a source area become: c) mudcracks are formed in deep water environments where sand and mud can be deposited in thin layers A confining layer is a layer of low permeability geologic material that restricts the flow of water to or from the aquifer. c) erosion occurs equally on two sides of a bend Permeability is a physical property of. a) there was a lot of gas in the magma c) growth of new minerals Which material has . a) stills which type of map or diagram would best indicate would best elevation of the land surface? What does the porosity of a material depend on? b) Mt. excess pumping, cone of depression Effective porosity values representing large volumes of earth materials can also be computed from field hydrogeological tracer testing where water containing a solute, dye, or isotope is injected into a groundwater system and its spread is monitored. This determines how easy it is for water to flow from one pore to the next. Porosity ultimately affects the amount of water a particular rock type can hold and depends on a couple of different factors. d) silicates e) none of the above, The deepest parts of the seafloor are Hydrogeologic Properties of Earth Materials and Principles of Groundwater Flow Copyright 2020 by The Authors. c) groundwater b) all the rocks were depoisted with the youngest on the bottom b) playa d) all of the above b) transform Effective porosity can be determined at the laboratory scale when sediment and rock samples of a given volume are dried and then the pore spaces are filled with water (Figure 8). d) in the subtropics (Source: Environment Canada) 3. drains rivers and swamps and existing wells c) as a general term to describe how, something such as a landscape has changed over time b) volcanic eruption e) metamorphism, A rock is subjected to differential stress, then it means that: Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) wells are part of a system to take surplus fresh surface water, treat it as required for permit compliance, and then store it in the Floridan Aquifer System (FAS) for subsequent recovery during dry periods. Groundwater is water stored inside the Earth's soil and rock layers. . Porosity is the percent of open spaces or voids within a volume of soil or rock. The input number may contain letters. a) an oil seep It is also possible that, when saturating the sample, some connected pores that are dead-ends will be included in the measurement and some will not (Figure 9). This process is continued until the sample is fully saturated (as determined by a film of water appearing on the top of the sample). d) heating occurs in deserts of the American Southwest during summer time Round particles will pack more tightly than particles with sharp edges. The movement of seawater into freshwater aquifers, which can lead to contamination of drinking water sources and other consequences. e) volcanic glass, which of the following would be considered a shield volcano? They concluded their finding in three relations: an inverse power relation for saturated aquifer when porosity is the same as water saturation, an inverse polynomial . c) using satellites to observe the sea floor surface a) there are more pieces but the surface area does not change The total volume of open space in which the groundwater can reside is porosity. a.Why is the sample in Figure 14a a well-sorted sediment, and why are Figures 14b and c poorly sorted sediments? a) water pressure b) have different types of geological hazards 6. attract more contaminants a) weathered rock and sediment 3 Groundwater Occurrence in Earth Materials, 4 Darcys Law, Head, Gradient and Hydraulic Conductivity, Representing Hydraulic Head Distributions, Primary and Secondary Hydraulic Conductivity, The Role of a Water Budget in Formulating Models, Application of Flow Equations (Unconfined Aquifer Flow Between Water Bodies), Example Numerical Application of Flow Equations to a Dewatering Problem, Gradient and Flow Directions in Isotropic Material, Flow Directions at Interfaces of Differing Hydraulic Conductivity, Developing Potentiometric Maps and Cross Sections, Memphis Sand Aquifer, Memphis Tennessee, USA, Unconfined Aquifer in East Helena, Montana, USA, Hydrogeologic Properties of Earth Materials and Principles of Groundwater Flow, Next: 3.3 Primary and Secondary Porosity. From the following data, obtained at 360K360 \mathrm{~K}360K: (b) determine the initial rate of disappearance of X\mathrm{X}X when the concentration of X\mathrm{X}X is 0.30M0.30 \mathrm{M}0.30M and that of Y\mathrm{Y}Y is 0.40M0.40 \mathrm{M}0.40M. a) offshore sand bars that have become coastal dunes d) bacteria that break down hydrogen sulfide, d) bacteria that break down hydrogen sulfide, which of the following environments would likely have clasts smaller than sand? 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