Predictors of indigenous healer use among Samoans. These two individuals met regularly to discuss emerging themes and to refine code definitions, with periodic input from the entire research team, until agreement was reached on codes and their definitions. Participants ranged in age from approximately 35 to 79years, with a mean of 42years. Or if A decreases, B correspondingly decreases. Week by week pregnancy (Baby and body development, tips), Human Cardiovascular System- Organs, Functions, Diseases, Human Heart- Location, Anatomy, Structure, Functions, Cell Organelles (Plant, Animal)- Structure, Functions, Diagrams, 16 Types of Microscopes with Parts, Functions, Diagrams, Feezer L. W. (1921). It held that diseases such ascholera,chlamydia infection, or theBlack Deathwere caused by amiasma, a noxious form of bad air emanating from rotting organic matter. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Qolle spirits are mostly venerated by buttering the natural objects, burning incense, tying around these objects strips of ropes or even a bunch of hair [Female, Study Community # 5]. Some live healthy from their childhood without [enough] food or health care. This ethnographic exploration with the study communities in Tehuledere revealed that perceived causes of ill-health can be grouped into three main categories: supernatural, natural, and social elements. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies For example, the research findings were shared with research participants and the local research assistants who confirmed the interpretations accurately reflected their perceptions and experiences. Wiki User 2009-11-03 20:50:12 This answer is: Study guides Science 14. Acute and Chronic Malnutrition. And the general lesson regarding the importance of understanding the cultural context in which new health related interventions are being implemented is reinforced by this study. GERM THEORY Germ theory: Microbes (germs) were found to be the cause for many known diseases. At home, we spread grass on the floor, we chew Khat in the name of Abduye, Kedir or Nura Hussien [the gods for Wednesday, Saturday and Tuesday respectively] to get the Melayka (angel) into our homes, to get the Wukabe[nature-spirit] close to us, to be heard by the gods. Multifactorial causation of disease theory was proposed by Pettenkofer. So if there is no peace at home, there will be no health [Female, Study Community # 4]. Theory of illness causation is an important issue in all biomedical sciences, and solid etiological explanations are needed in order to develop therapeutic approaches in medicine and preventive interventions in public health. Interviews lasted 11.25h, were conducted in the informants private homes or while sitting in public spaces in the villages (See Additional file 1 for the complete interview guide). Article Tap here to review the details. Such infections, according to the theory, were not passed between individuals but would affect those within a locale that gave rise to such vapors. Trimingham S. Islam in East Africa. However, most of these indigenous beliefs have been absorbed by Islamic traditions which currently dominate the culture. TWIO. [Female, Study Community # 5]. Many respondents identified lying as a cause of ill-health. Homosexual Mathematician Who Rescued the World Still Died In Disgrace: The Br Configuration of audiogram_de6f98ffd3d657e86d774387bbfaf319.pdf, Science-What-do-plants-need-to-grow-PowerPoint.pptx, Associative_Memory_Neural_Networks_pptx.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. 2022 Dec;9(6):2560-2567. doi: 10.1007/s40615-021-01190-6. Many natural objects were believed to be capable of mediating between the supreme deity and the ordinary humans. The study participants attribute many ailments to withdrawal of nature spiritsFootnote 1 (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn) protection and wrath. This volunteer participatory observation helped him to access research participants and health extension workers working in health institutions. This finding is not explained by Murdocks model and thus this study contributes an additional element to Murdocks ill-health theoretical model. The sample was diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological condition of the setting. Germ theory emerged in the 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier incarnations. Galenhad written of the possibility of seeds of disease, a view which suggested a belief in the contagious nature of some diseases. In addition to that, diseases may be communicable or non-communicable. He would not be able to have enough food, this affects his healthWeve become subject to Ke ijje Wode Afe Nuro (hand-to-mouth livelihood) [Male, Study Community # 3]. The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century, and it is no longer accepted as a scientific theory of disease. Published 1 October 1921. People in our village sterilize the equipment they use for these purposes. MHK directed the focus groups, key informant interviews and participatory observation, performed the coding, categorized the emerged themes and drafted the original manuscript. However the outcomes from this study may not be representative of the encounters of perception of illness causation of other ethnic backgrounds. Google Scholar. Most of the participants were married. Weiss RS. Five rural communities (one from each of the five Kebeles) were included in the study. Germ theory was first clearly stated by an Italian physician named Girolamo Fracastoro in the mid-1500s. PubMed noted that such explanations of disease causation are widely found in non-western societies and have perhaps attracted most attention due to their radical departure from those prevailing in Modern Western Societies. The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. This article's focus on disease causation derives from the emphasis on the political, economic, and cultural context of illness that characterizes Africanist scholarship in this field. Bull World Health Organ. Epub 2021 Nov 26. In total, 96 people participated in focus groups. The connection between ill-health and lying needs further exploration for indigenous groups like this. Health, religion, and meaning: a culture-centered study of Druze women. 2007;2:942. Personalistic Causes Disease etiologies in non-western medical systems. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Functionalists also study culture in terms of values. volume17, Articlenumber:124 (2017) Two analysts (MHK and another Amharic speaking team member, TS) immersed themselves in the data by reading and open coding the transcripts independently and developing preliminary codes. PubMed The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Mesfin H, Teferi G, Heather B. This level of familiarity would have increased the comfort participants felt sharing with the researchers. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. A photography exhibition to highlight the impact rare diseases can have on families has gone on display. Foster M, Anderson B. Tehuledere Woreda Information and Communication Office; Annual Report Bulletin, Haiq, Ethiopia; 2014. 1983. p. 155. The disease is said to pass onto seven generations. Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews Guide. Ulin PR, Segall MH, editors. He was able to use existing networks and contacts within the indigenous institutions, including traditional leaders and local health officials, thereby gaining access to a very wide cross-section of people. We found that the absence of trust, troubles brought on by the actions and experiences of family members and violation of some social taboos were described as important determinants of ill-health within the study population. Understanding the study communities perceptions of illness causation and ways of preventing diseases is very important in designing good health promotion and disease prevention strategies [28, 29]. Simple statistics like frequency distribution, percentile were used. 1991;630:212-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb19590.x. Similarly, a theoretical approach initially used to frame and subsequently to interpret the data from this study allowed for a more thorough explanation of beliefs and perceptions of illness causation. Almost all the focus group participants identified better food production as a contributor to health: We keep healthy when we produce enough food and have work to do. In the mid-19th . In Step 1, age was entered. Due to restrictions set by the Addis Ababa University, College of Health Science Institutional Review Board, data are available upon request by contacting the corresponding author. Young A. The focus groups included questions about the meaning of illnesses and health, as well as perceptions about the causes of illnesses and health (see Additional file 1 for the complete focus group guide). 4th ed. Article Theories of illness causation derive from the underlying cognitive orientation of a cultural group, and therapeutic practice usually follows the same cultural logic. 2011; 26 (4):275-278. doi: 10.5001 . J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. BEINGS Model of disease causation includes Spiritual factors , Social factors & Nutritional factors. Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics. These discoveries and a host of others at the turn of the century marked a turning point in our aetiological concepts. Federal Ministry of Health. Cultural beliefs on disease causation in the Philippines: challenge and implications in genetic counseling. He carefully reflected on how the data collection process influenced his own perceptions, and how other people respond to him. In addition, all participants who participated in the focus groups and interviews gave informed consent either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) after they were provided information about the nature of the study, and assurances that specific comments would not be attributed to specific participants. BMC Public Health 17, 124 (2017). 0 Kickbush I. Keywords. In Ethiopia, people use indigenous medical systems as an alternative health care service along with the biomedical health services [1, 6]. (DOCX 17 kb). A Seminar Work Presented to the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar. . A more interesting finding was that they also articulated how important social relationships are in maintaining good health. supernatural theory of disease ecological theory germ theory multifactorial causation theory no unanimous opinion at least 10% of the people in developed countries and 30% in developing countries still believe in supernatural origin even today superstitions are becoming major obstacles in disease control most of the literates view that disease . 2005;60:691700. Disease is an important entity in healthcare. 1988 Dec;4(4):160-3. doi: 10.1177/089033448800400409. Krapf L. Travels, researches and missionary labour during an eighteen years residence in Eastern Africa. Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. New York: The Free Press; 1994. 2005;83(1):7. FOIA The outlook regarding disease causation haschanged considerably with time and advancements in science. Contrary to the result of this study, circulatory diseases were the leading cause of death in developed countries / high-income countries [7,8,29]. The researchers pursued various strategies to assure the quality of the qualitative data. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Privacy Finally the themes were incorporated into a conceptual model of the participants and their beliefs and perceptions in illness causation [18]. The common types of diseases in Nigeria are; Malaria Malaria is a risk for 97% of Nigeria's population. 2022 Jun;46(6):1437-1438. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0. In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. Alice Barrett is in hospital with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), and cannot feed herself. In 1877, Robert Koch (1843-1910) showed that anthrax was caused by a bacteria. More than half (n=53) reported that they were illiterate, i.e., didnt read and write Amharic. The sample consisted of 21 participants, 11 females aged 19-61 years (Median 44 years) and 10 males aged 22-65 years (Median 52 years). Not listening to them means we are exacerbating the disease we have [Female, Study Community # 2]. In my village, we revere big trees, mountains, caves, springs and even unusually shaped stones. The site is secure. Spirit Mediumship and society in Africa. Ottawa 1986: The Fulcrum of Global Health Development. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the perceptions of causes of ill health and disease in the study communities as a guide to how best to implement public health initiatives in the region. In case you need help on any kind of academic writing visit website www.HelpWriting.net and place your order, Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. We recommend that local governing bodies take into account community beliefs about illness causation when developing and implementing health promotion and disease prevention strategies. Just as members of a society work together to fulfill a society's needs, culture exists to meet its members' social and personal needs. In: Nichter M, editor. I/C Epidemiology; Centre for Animal Disease Research In clinical medicine we are confronted by a patient P with certain complaints, and eventually a diagnosis is reached because the clinical findings suggest that P has a certain disease D.Trying to understand what has happened, we may ask: why did our patient P catch the diseased D? Witchcraft Beliefs In Diseases Causation And Health - Seeking Behaviour In Pregnancy Of Women In Calabar South - Nigeria. Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546) Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. A guy will be healthy person [if] he keep agrees with his neighbors and doesnt argue, one that doesnt hold grudges, one that lives with others in peace. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. He died from Parkinson's disease in 2014, aged 85. . Respecting autonomous decision making among Filipinos: a re-emphasis in genetic counseling. While nationalistic disease theories explain disease in . document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Sagar Aryal is a microbiologist and a scientific blogger. Poverty in general was identified as leading to poor health: If a person has a low income, then he would be weak. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. Meadows LM, Morse JM. We've updated our privacy policy. To act in this capacity qolle must be acknowledged and shown respect through appropriate rituals such as scarification of goats, respecting the local customs and values, etc., the spirit of the qolle are good for keeping relatives safe from harm and maintain health [Male, Study Community # 3]. We would like to thank the study participants and Tehuledere Woreda Health Bereau staff, as well as our research assistants for their great support to facilitate the data collection of study. For example, the qallicha Not everyone finds it easy to do the exercise recommended by the NHS - two out of three people say they do less than 150 mins (2.5 hours) of moderate exercise and fewer than one in 10 manage more . Click here to review the details. Epub 2015 Feb 10. This . Medicine finally shed the rags of dogma and superstition and put on the robes of scientific knowledge. The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee in the College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University, with either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) consent to participate in the study being obtained from all study participants. In 2014, communicable diseases including malaria, lung infections, diarrheal, intestinal parasites, eye infections, skin disease, and rheumatism were the major public health problems in the area [15]. 1976;4:77382. Beattie J, Middleton J, editors. Indigenous people often believe that Western trained doctors are not equipped to address their concerns which are can include spiritual as well as physical concerns [2]. We found that the causes of ill-health were constructed and negotiated within the socio-cultural context of the study communities. Kahissay, M., Fenta, T. & Boon, H. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. Part of I have never gone to modern health centers. Social change theory was used in this paper. Additionally, the authors thank Mr. Teshager Shiferaw for his help in data collection and early coding. Epub 2022 Apr 6. Being an archipelago consisting of 7,107 islands, the Philippines has approximately 175 ethnolinguistic groups with their own unique cultural identity and health practices. New York: Oxford University press; 2012. 36 0 obj <> endobj In these communities, illness is perceived to have supernatural (e.g., almighty God/ Allah, nature spirits, and human agents of the supernatural), natural (e.g., environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, poverty, biological and psychological factors) and societal causes (e.g., social trust, experiences of family support and harmony; and violation of social taboos). Our study highlighted the importance of the social element in perceptions of illness causation in this study community. It is not publicly known how much CIA staff who have . 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